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Sistem anti-tank portabel perorangan - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

Sistem anti-tank portabel perorangan

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
(Dialihkan dari Sistem anti-tank portabel)

Sistem anti-tank portabel-perorangan atau Sistem anti-tank portabel atauMan-portable anti-tank systems (MANPATS atau MPATS) secara tradisional merupakan sistem senjata proyektil yang diluncurkan dari bahu perseorangan dan menembakkan proyektil berat jenis peluru (walaupun senjata lempar dan senjata terjang juga ada), biasanya dirancang untuk melawan target yang dilindungi, seperti kendaraan lapis baja, benteng lapangan dan kadang-kadang bahkan pesawat terbang rendah (terutama helikopter). Man-portable anti-tank system (MPATS) adalah sistem anti-tank yang dapat dibawa dan dioperasikan oleh satu orang. Sistem ini dirancang untuk menghancurkan kendaraan lapis baja, seperti tank, dengan cara meluncurkan rudal atau proyektil yang diluncurkan dari bahu. Sistem anti-tank portabel (MANPATS / MPATS)

Man-portable anti-tank systems (MANPATS / MPATS)
Kiri atas : Sistem rudal antitank sekali pakai NLAW . Kanan atas : Peluncur antitank sekali pakai AT4 . Kiri bawah : Senapan antitank semi-otomatis Solothurn S-18/100 . Kanan bawah : Sistem rudal antitank semi-sekali pakai 9M133 Kornet.

Peluncur MPATS dapat berupa senjata berpemandu atau tidak berpemandu dan secara umum terbagi dalam tiga kategori berbeda:

  • Sistem sekali pakai, yang terdiri dari tabung peluncur kecil yang sudah diisi peluru dan dapat ditembakkan sekali, yang dimaksudkan untuk dibuang setelah ditembakkan, yang dioperasikan oleh satu prajurit. Contohnya meliputi: Panzerfaust 1, M72 LAW, Miniman, AT4, FGM-148 Javelin, NLAW, dll.
  • Sistem yang dapat digunakan kembali, yang terdiri dari sistem penembakan yang dapat diisi ulang ke/di mana roket atau peluru dimuat, dioperasikan oleh satu atau dua tentara. Contohnya termasuk: bazoka, Panzerschreck, senapan recoilless Carl Gustaf 8,4 c, RPG-7, Panzerfaust 2, dll.
  • Sistem semi-sekali pakai , di mana peluncur diproduksi dengan muatan awal dan dikeluarkan sebagai satu unit amunisi yang dimaksudkan untuk diluncurkan dari alat penembakan dan pembidik yang dapat digunakan kembali dan dibuang setelah satu kali penggunaan. Contohnya termasuk Bofors Bantam, BGM-71 TOW, 9M113 Konkurs, Panzerfaust 3, 9M133 Kornet, dll.

Sistem anti-tank portabel awalnya muncul dalam bentuk senapan berat – yang disebut senapan anti-tank – selama Perang Dunia Pertama dan periode antar perang . Ini segera digantikan dengan sistem tanpa tolak dengan penerapan proyektil peledak muatan berbentuk selama Perang Dunia Kedua. Pengembangan roket praktis dan kartrid tanpa tolak yang disebabkan oleh Perang Dunia II menyediakan sarana untuk mengirimkan bahan peledak tersebut dari senjata yang diluncurkan dari bahu, yang mengarah ke jenis baru keluarga senjata yang menggabungkan portabilitas dengan efektivitas terhadap kendaraan lapis baja, benteng, dan bangunan. Contoh awal yang terkenal termasuk keluarga bazoka Amerika dari peluncur roket yang dapat diisi ulang, peluncur anti-tank sekali pakai tembakan tunggal Panzerfaust Jerman dan senapan tanpa tolak Carl Gustaf 8,4 cm pascaperang Swedia. Perang tersebut juga menyaksikan penggunaan berbagai sistem MPAT non-konvensional, seperti ranjau magnet Hafthohlladung milik Jerman, ranjau darat Shitotsubakurai milik Jepang, granat tangan bom lengket milik Inggris, dan mortir spigot tembakan langsung milik PIAT.[1]

Daftar sistem antitank portabel

Berikut ini adalah daftar MANPAT. Tiga kategori utama MANPAT digunakan, yang dibagi menjadi beberapa daftar berikut.

  1. Peluncur roket meluncurkan proyektil gerak sendiri tanpa pemandu.
  2. Senjata tanpa hentakan meluncurkan proyektil tanpa pemandu. Proyektil ini dipercepat dengan mengeluarkan massa tandingan, seperti gas propelan, dari bagian belakang senjata. Ada dua kategori senjata tanpa hentakan:
    • Senapan tanpa hentakan memiliki laras senapan dan menggunakan proyektil yang distabilkan dengan putaran (contoh: Carl Gustav 8,4 cm)
    • Senjata tanpa hentakan adalah proyektil laras halus dan sirip laras yang distabilkan (contoh: AT4, MATADOR RGW 90)
  3. Rudal berpemandu antitank (ATGM)

MANPAT era modern

Daftar peluncur roket yang mulai beroperasi setelah berakhirnya Perang Dingin (sejak 1990).

Nama sistem Produsen dan perancang Gambar Asal Penggunaan Beroperasi sejak Kaliber hulu ledak Catatan
Peluncur roket
MARA CITEFA /

Fray Luis Beltrán munition factory

 Argentina Disposable 2005 78 mm [2]
PF-89 Norinco

(China North Industries Corporation)

 China Disposable 1993 80 mm 5 warheads (HEAT, incendiary, HESH, HEAT tandem, HEAT/thermobaric tandem)[3][4]
Panzerfaust 3 Dynamit Nobel AG  Germany Reusable 1997 110 mm Development started in 1978

[5]

M90 Stršljen

/ RBR 120

Sloboda  Macedonia Serbia Disposable 2002 120 mm [6]
M72E5 LAW Nammo Raufoss AS in cooperation with Talley Defense (absorbed into Nammo in 2007)  Norway
 United States 		Disposable 1983[7] 66 mm Many variants in continuous production[8]
Yasin (RPG) Hamas —  Palestine Reusable 2004 85 mm It is a variant of the RPG-2[9]
MRO NPO Bazalt  Russia Disposable 2003 72.5 mm Further evolution of the RPO-A Shmel

Variants:

  • MRO-A (thermobaric)
  • MRO-O (WP Smoke warhead),
  • MRO-Z (Incendiary warhead)

[10]

RPG-28 NPO Bazalt  Russia Disposable 2011 125 mm [11]
RPG-30 NPO Bazalt  Russia Disposable 2013 105 mm [12]
RPG-32 Barkas NPO Bazalt —  Russia Reusable 2012 72.5 mm /

105 mm

JADARA is producing it as well under license.

[13]

RShG-2 "Agleni-2", or

6G31

NPO Bazalt  Russia Disposable 2003 72.5 mm Evolution to the RPG-26, using a larger warhead, and a derivative of the TBG-7V thermobaric rocket for the RPG-7[14]
Alcotán-100 (M2) Instalaza SA  Spain Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1998 100 mm Variants[15]
  • ALCOTAN-AT (M2) munition: Anti-tank behind ERA
  • ALCOTAN-BIV (M2) munition: Dual purpose (anti-armour + fragmentation)
  • ALCOTAN-ABK (M2) munition: Anti-bunker
  • ALCOTAN-MP (M2) munition: Multi-purpose, three different modes (impact, impact delay, and airburst)
CS-70 Instalaza SA —  Spain Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2023 72 mm —
C90-CR (M3) Instalaza SA  Spain Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1990 90 mm Warhead variants:[16]
  • CR (M3) – hollow-charge warhead
  • CR-RB (M3 / M3.5) – hollow-charge warhead
  • CR-AM (M3.5) – shaped charge warhead with anti-personal fragmentation
  • CR-FIM (M3.5) – incendiary and smoke, red phosphorus
  • CR-BK (M3.5) – tandem warhead against bunkers, buildings, fortifications,
  • CR-IN (M3) – training inert warhead
Hispano MPW Instalaza SA  Spain Resuable 2025 90 mm same ammunition of the C90.[17]
Kestrel NCSIST  Taiwan Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2015 110 mm Variants:[18]
  • HEAT
  • HESH
  • Long Range
  • Guided missile in development based on Kestrel
PSRL-1 AirTronicUSA  United States Reusable 2017 93 mm American RPG-7, warhead variants:
  • SR-H1 HEAT
  • SR-T1 and SR-T2 training

[19]

VE-NILANGAL

Ve-Nilangal [es]

CAVIM —  Venezuela — — 72 mm —
Recoilless rifles
Carl Gustaf M4 Saab Bofors Dynamics  Sweden Reusable 2014 84 mm [20]
Recoilless guns, Senjata tanpa hentakan
PF-98 Norinco

(China North Industries Corporation)

 China Reusable 1998 120 mm Successor of the Type 78 in the PLA[21][22]
RGW 60 Dynamit Nobel AG  Germany Disposable — 60 mm 4 warheads HEAT, HEAT MP (Multi-Purpose), HESH, ASM (Anti Structure Munition)[23]
RGW 90 MATADOR Dynamit Nobel AG

DSTA

Rafael Advanced Defense Systems

 Germany
 Israel
 Singapore 		Disposable 2000 90 mm [24]
RGW 110 Dynamit Nobel AG —  Germany Disposable 2023 110 mm Hungary, first client of this weapon, contract 2022[25][26]
Anti-tank guided missiles, Rudal berpemandu anti-tank
Shershen CJSC SRPC,

JSC Peleng.

Kyiv Design Bureau "Luch"

 Belarus
 Ukraine 		Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2012 130 mm

152 mm

Belarus licensed variants of Stugna-P / Skif[27]
MSS-1.2 SIATT  Brazil
 Italy 		Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2009 127 mm OTO Melara initially co-developed the missile, starting in 1985, but withdrew from the program and ceded its share[28]
HJ-12 Red Arrow Norinco

(China North Industries Corporation)

 China Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2021 130 mm [29]
Eryx Aérospatiale then,

MBDA France now

 France Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1993 136 mm [30]
Akeron MP MBDA France
Saab Bofors Dynamics Switzerland 		 France
  Switzerland 		Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2017 140 mm The missile design is French, the warhead is close to that of the NLAW, developed and manufactured by Saab in Switzerland (former RUAG)

[31][32][33]

PARS 3 MR MBDA Deutschland,
Diehl BGT Defence 		 Germany
 France
 United Kingdom
 Netherlands 		Fire unit resuable, tube disposable Cancelled 159 mm France, the UK and the Netherlands withdrew from the common development program.[34]

Infantry variant therefore cancelled, only the PARS-3 LR variant used by German Army Tiger Helicopter.

Enforcer [de] MBDA Deutschland  Germany Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2024 90 mm A light guided missile, with some potential alternative variants are to be developed.[35]

TDW warhead.

Amogha missile Bharat Dynamics Limited  India Fire unit resuable, tube disposable In development — 3 variants[36]
MPATGM DRDO

VEM Technologies

 India Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2023-4 120 mm [37][38]
Spike Rafael Advanced Defense Systems

Spike LR

 Israel Fire unit resuable, tube disposable — 110 mm

130 mm

Multiple variants that are in this MANPATS category:
  • Mini-Spike
  • Spike SR
  • Spike MR
  • Spike LR / LR II
  • Spike ER / ER II
Teaser Israel Aerospace Industries —  Israel Fire unit resuable, tube disposable In development — [39]
Type 01 LMAT

(or XATM-5)

Defense Agency Technical Research and Development Institute

Kawasaki Heavy Industries

 Japan Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2001 140 mm [40]
Terminator Jadara EDS,

KADDB

—  Jordan Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2020 107 mm Partnership with Azerbaijan in discussion[41]
Pirat PPK

Light ATGM

Kyiv Design Bureau "Luch",

Mesko,

CRW Telesystem-Mesko

 Poland
 Ukraine 		Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2025 107 mm Ordered by Poland[42]
MOSKIT

Long range ATGM

Kyiv Design Bureau "Luch",

Mesko,

CRW Telesystem-Mesko

 Poland
 Ukraine 		Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2025 — Ordered by Poland[42]
9M133 Kornet Degtyarev plant,

KBP Instrument Design Bureau

 Russia Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1998 152 mm Five variants used (HEAT, thermobaric, or blast fragmentation warheads)[43]
AT-1K Raybolt Hanwha Defense

LIG Nex1

 South Korea Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2017 150 mm [44]
RBS 56 BILL 2 Saab Bofors Dynamics

RUAG

 Sweden
  Switzerland 		Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1999 150 mm Major upgrade with OTA capacity with special warhead made by RUAG.[45]

Saab acquired the designer / manufacturer of the warhead in 2007 and maintained the activity locally.[46]

NLAW Saab Bofors Dynamics
Saab Bofors Dynamics Switzerland
Thales Air Defence UK 		 Sweden
  Switzerland
 United Kingdom 		Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2009 150 mm [47]
Karaok Roketsan —  Turkey Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2022 125 mm [48][49]
OMTAS Roketsan  Turkey Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2017 160 mm [50]
Stugna-P Kyiv Design Bureau "Luch"  Ukraine Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2011 130 mm [51]
RK-3 Corsar Kyiv Design Bureau "Luch"  Ukraine Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2017 107 mm [52]
LMM Martlet Thales Air Defence  United Kingdom Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2021 76 mm Multi-role missile, usable against air targets, light boats, and armoured vehicles, laser guided. The anti-armour surface-to-surface variant isn't its primary role though[53]
FGM-148 Javelin Texas Instruments
Martin Marietta
(now Raytheon Technologies & Lockheed Martin) 		 United States Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1996 127 mm [54]
FGM-172 SRAW Lockheed Martin  United States Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 2002 139 mm Only 960 produced, used by USA and Israel, remained 4 years in service[55]
Close-Combat Missile System – Heavy (CCMS-H) — —  United States Reusable 2032 — BGM-71 TOW successor in development / selection[56]

MANPAT era Perang Dingin

Daftar MANPAT yang mulai beroperasi selama Perang Dingin (1946–1989).

Nama sistem Produsen dan perancang Gambar Asal Penggunaan Beroperasi sejak Kaliber hulu ledak Catatan
Peluncur roket
FHJ-84 Norinco

(China North Industries Corporation)

—  China Reusable 1984 62 mm [57]
Type 69 RPG Norinco

(China North Industries Corporation)

 China Reusable 1970 85 mm
RPG-75 Zeveta a.s.  Czechoslovakia Disposable 1975 68 mm [58]
AC 300 Jupiter Luchaire SA
MBB 		 France
 West Germany 		Fire unit resuable, tube disposable Mid 1980s 115 mm A MILAN 2 warhead was mounted to an Armbrust launcher, but never placed in production

[59]

Dard 120 Societe Europeenne de Propulsion

(which became SNECMA)

—  France Fire unit resuable, tube disposable Mid 1980s 120 mm Competition lost with the Jupiter 300 against the APILAS for a rocket launcher with more power than the LRAC F1.[60]

The French Army has used it, but more information is needed. Evolution of the DARD 90, very similar to LRAC F1.

LRAC F1 Luchaire SA /

Manufacture Nationale d'Armes de Saint-Etienne

 France Reusable 1972 89 mm [61]
LRAC 73 mm Modèle 1950 —  France Reusable 1950 73 mm Development financed by the Marshall Plan[62]
SARPAC Hotchkiss-Brandt  France Disposable 1975 68 mm Limited production[63]
WASP 58 Luchaire SA —  France Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1987 58 mm [64]
Panzerfaust 2 /Panzerfaust 44 mm Dynamit Nobel AG  West Germany Reusable 1963 44 mm HEAT warhead named Panzerfaustgeschoß DM32

[65]

OGMA 37mm OGMA[66]  Portugal Reusable 1962 37 mm 37mm SMEB rocket
ARIS IV Elliniki Biomihania Oplon —  Greece Disposable Cancelled 113 mm [67]
B-300 Israel Military Industries  Israel Reusable 1980 82 mm [68]
RPG-76 Komar Zakład Sprzętu Precyzyjnego  Polish People's Republic Disposable 1985 40 mm

68 mm

[69]
RPG-2 Kovrov Mechanical Plant  Soviet Union Reusable 1949 82 mm [70]
RPG-7 NPO Bazalt and

ZiD

 Soviet Union Reusable 1961 40 – 105 mm Many variants of warheads in service[71]
RPG-16 NPO Bazalt —  Soviet Union Reusable 1976 58.3 mm Used mostly by special forces[72]
RPG-18 NPO Bazalt  Soviet Union Disposable 1972 64 mm [73]
RPG-22 NPO Bazalt  Soviet Union Disposable 1985 72.5 mm [74]
RPG-26 NPO Bazalt  Soviet Union Disposable 1985 72.5 mm [75]
RPG-27 NPO Bazalt  Soviet Union Disposable 1989 105 mm [76]
RPG-29 NPO Bazalt  Soviet Union Reusable 1989 105 mm [77]
LAW 80 Hunting Engineering  United Kingdom Disposable 1987 94 mm [78]
FGR-17 Viper General Dynamics  United States Disposable 1983 70 mm Poor performance, few delivered, quickly cancelled, the Army requirements were the source of the result[79]
M202A1 FLASH Northrop Corporation (Electro-Mechanical Division)  United States Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1978 4 × 66 mm Multiple-barrel incendiary rocket launcher[80]
M72 LAW Talley Defense Systems  United States Disposable 1963 66 mm [81]
MK-153 (SMAW) McDonnell Douglas

Talley Defense Systems

 United States Reusable 1984 83 mm Derivative of IMI B-300[82]
M79 Osa

(RL-90 M95)

Sloboda  Yugoslavia Reusable launcher, disposable tube 1979 90 mm [83]
M80 Zolja Sloboda  Yugoslavia Disposable 1980 64 mm [84]
Senapan tanpa hentakan
Carl Gustaf M1 – M3 Saab Bofors Dynamics(at first, Carl Gustafs stads gevärsfaktori)  Sweden Reusable 1946 84 mm [20]
Miniman Saab Bofors Dynamics  Sweden Reusable 1968 74 mm [85]
RAK 74 "Raketenrohre NORA" Waffenfabrik Bern —   Switzerland Reusable 1974 83 mm Project abandoned[86]
M40 recoilless rifle Watervliet Arsenal  United States Reusable 1955 105 mm [87]
Senjata tanpa hentakan
APILAS"Armour Piercing Infantry Light Arm System" GIAT  France Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1985 112 mm Also known as "RAC 112" in the French Army.

120,000 produced by 2006.[88][89]

Armbrust Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm

 West Germany Disposable 1978 67 mm [90]
RPO-A Shmel Tula (now KDB)  Soviet Union Disposable 1980s 93 mm [10]
AT4 Saab Bofors Dynamics  Sweden Disposable 1987 84 mm [91]
Raketenrohr 80 Société Anonyme Constructions Mécaniques du Léman (CML)   Switzerland Reusable 1980 83 mm [86]
Anti-tank guided missiles
Mathogo CITEFA  Argentina — 1978 102 mm [92]
HJ-8 Norinco

(China North Industries Corporation)

 China Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1984 120 mm [93]
SS.10 Nord Aviation  France — 1955 160 mm [94]
ENTAC DTAT

Aérospatiale

 France — 1957 152 mm [94]
MILAN At first made by Euromissile (JV Aérospatiale and DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG),

now MBDA

 France
 West Germany 		Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1972 103 mm,

115 mm

Made under licence by Bharat Dynamics (India) and BAe Dynamics (United Kingdom)

[95]

MAPATS

(or "Hutra")

IMI Systems  Israel Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1985 156 mm [96]
Type 64 MAT

(or KAM-3)

Defense Agency Technical Research and Development Institute

Kawasaki Heavy Industries

 Japan — 1964 120 mm [97]
Type 79 Jyu-MAT

(or KAM-9)

Defense Agency Technical Research and Development Institute

Kawasaki Heavy Industries

Daicel

 Japan Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1984 153 mm [98]
Type 87 Chū-MAT

(or Shin Chu-MAT)

Defense Agency Technical Research and Development Institute

Kawasaki Heavy Industries

Mitsubishi Motors

 Japan Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1989 110 mm [99]
ZT3 Ingwe Denel Dynamics  South Africa Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1987 127 mm [100]
9M14 Malyutka Tula Machinery Design Bureau (Tula KBP)  Soviet Union — 1963 125 mm [101]
9K111 Fagot Tula Machinery Design Bureau (Tula KBP)  Soviet Union Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1970 120 mm [102]
9M113 Konkurs Tula Machinery Design Bureau (Tula KBP) – Tulsky Oruzheiny Zavod  Soviet Union Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1974 135 mm [103]
9K115 Metis Tula Machinery Design Bureau (Tula KBP) – Tulsky Oruzheiny Zavod  Soviet Union Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1982 94 mm [104]
RBS 56 BILL Bofors  Sweden Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1988 150 mm [45]
RB 53 Bantam Bofors  Sweden Reusable 1963 110 mm [105]
Cobra Contraves AG
Oerlikon,
Bölkow 		  Switzerland
 West Germany 		— 1957 100 mm Considered as most effective anti-tank missile in the 50s[106]
Mamba Contraves AG
Oerlikon,
Bölkow 		  Switzerland
 West Germany 		— 1957 120 mm [106]
Mosquito Contraves AG
Oerlikon,
Bölkow 		  Switzerland
 West Germany 		— 1964 120 mm Licensed produced in Italy (Contraves Italiana SpA)[107]
Vigilant Vickers  United Kingdom Reusable 1963 131 mm [108]
BGM-71 TOW Hughes Aircraft Company  United States Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1970 152 mm [109]
M47 Dragon Raytheon  United States Fire unit resuable, tube disposable 1975 127 mm [110]

Peluncur roket era Perang Dunia Kedua

Daftar peluncur roket yang mulai beroperasi selama Perang Dunia II (1939–1945).

Nama sistem Produsen dan perancang Gambar Asal Penggunaan Beroperasi sejak Kaliber hulu ledak Catatan
Peluncur roket
44M Buzogányvető Weiss Manfréd Factory  Hungary Reusable 1944 — One of the most effective anti-tank weapon during WW2
Type 4 Unknown  Japan Reusable 1944 70 mm
PanzerschreckRaketenpanzerbüchse 54 Enzinger Union, HASAG and Jackel  Nazi Germany Reusable 1943 88 mm [111]
M1 Bazooka Several manufacturers over time  United States Reusable 1942 60 mm [112]
M20 Super bazooka Several manufacturers over time  United States Reusable 1945 89 mm [113]
Senapan tanpa hentakan
Carl Gustaf 20 mm recoilless rifle Carl Gustafs stads gevärsfaktori  Sweden Reusable 1942 20 mm [114]
Senjata tanpa hentakan
Panzerfaust HASAG, Werk Schlieben  Nazi Germany Disposable 1942 100mm

106 mm 149 mm

[115]
Rudal anti-tank
X-7 Rotkäppchen [de] Ruhrstahl AG [de] X-7 missile based on air-to-air X-4 shown above, modifications on the tail, remote controlled  Nazi Germany Fire unit resuable 1945 150 mm First anti-tank missile, few reports of its use on the Eastern Front, but seems successful.[116]
Kategori lainnya
PIAT Imperial Chemical Industries  United Kingdom Reusable 1942 83 mm [117]

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Shaped Charge
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  12. ^ TAB (2022-10-23). "RPG-30: Russia's Dual Tube Rocket Launcher". The Armourers Bench (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2023-07-30.
  13. ^ "RPG-32 Barkaz Anti-Tank Rocket Launcher | MilitaryToday.com". www.militarytoday.com. Diakses tanggal 2023-07-30.
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  17. ^ Valpolini, Paolo (2025-05-14). "FEINDEF 2025 – Instalaza unveils Hispano MPW, its new 90 mm multipurpose weapon". EDR Magazine (dalam bahasa Inggris (Britania)). Diakses tanggal 2025-05-14.
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