Daftar negara menurut anggaran penelitian dan pengembangan
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Berikut adalah daftar negara-negara yang menurut anggaran penelitian dan pengembangan (litbang) secara riil dan sesuai data terbaru pada tahun 2020
DAFTAR NEGARA
Daftar ini hanya berisi negara-negara yang menganggarkan lebih dari 50 juta dolar untuk penelitian dan pengembangan. Dengan total anggaran nominal litbang global pada tahun 2020[1]
| Peringkat | Negara/daerah | Anggaran litbang (miliar US$, KKB), |
% dari PDB PPP | Anggaran litbang per kapita (US$ KKB), |
Tahun | Sumber |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Amerika Serikat
|
511,1 | 2,744% | 1.586,35 | 2020 | [2] |
| 2 |  Tiongkok
|
451,9 | 2,107% | 321,99 | 2020 | [2] |
| 3 |  Jepang
|
165,7 | 3,147% | 1.297,39 | 2020 | [2] |
| 4 |  Jerman
|
118,8 | 2,94% | 1.450,17 | 2020 | [2] |
| 5 |  Korea Selatan
|
91,6 | 4,292% | 1.518,47 | 2020 | [3] |
| 6 |  India
|
66,5 | 0,85% | 39,37 | 2020 | [4] |
| 7 |  Prancis
|
60,0 | 2,256% | 905,8 | 2020 | [5] |
| 8 |  Britania Raya
|
44,8 | 1,701% | 692,9 | 2020 | [5] |
| 9 |  Rusia
|
42,6 | 1,187% | 290,21 | 2020 | [3] |
| 10 |  Brasil
|
38,4 | 1,17% | 177,89 | 2020 | [2][6][7] |
| 11 |  Taiwan
|
33,7 | 3,1% | 1.383,84 | 2020 | [3][8] |
| 12 |  Italia
|
27,4 | 1,287% | 452,14 | 2020 | [3] |
| 13 |  Kanada
|
25,7 | 1,612% | 723,5 | 2020 | [5] |
| 14 |  Australia
|
23,3 | 2,12% | 986,86 | 2020 | [9] |
| 15 |  Spanyol
|
19,2 | 1,222% | 413,46 | 2020 | [3] |
| 16 |  Belanda
|
16,3 | 1,973% | 967,8 | 2020 | [5] |
| 17 |  Turki
|
15,3 | 1,007% | 198,36 | 2020 | [3] |
| 18 |  Swedia
|
14,2 | 3,161% | 1.468,1 | 2020 | [5] |
| 19 |  Swiss
|
13,1 | 2,967% | 1.647,90 | 2020 | [3] |
| 20 |  Israel
|
12,7 | 4,3% | 1.361,56 | 2020 | [3] |
| 21 |  Belgia
|
12,4 | 2,465% | 1.102,9 | 2020 | [5] |
| 22 |  Austria
|
11,9 | 3,1% | 1.416,14 | 2020 | [3] |
| 23 |  Polandia
|
11,6 | 0,935% | 301,06 | 2020 | [2][3][7] |
| 24 |  Malaysia
|
10,6 | 1,29% | 344,3 | 2020 | [6] |
| 25 |  Singapura
|
10,0 | 2,64% | 1.831,7 | 2020 | [5] |
| 26 |  Meksiko
|
9,0 | 0,941% | 237,57 | 2020 | [3] |
| 27 |  Denmark
|
8,2 | 3,085% | 1.450,2 | 2020 | [5] |
| 28 |  Finlandia
|
7,2 | 3,174% | 1.318,0 | 2020 | [5] |
| 29 |  Chechnya
|
6,3 | 1,997% | 600,04 | 2020 | [3] |
| 30 |  Mesir
|
6,2 | 0,68% | 73,18 | 2020 | [6] |
| 31 |  Norwegia
|
5,8 | 1,710% | 1.123,9 | 2020 | [5] |
| 32 |  Argentina
|
5,0 | 0,588% | 129,09 | 2020 | [2][3][7] |
| 33 |  Afrika Selatan
|
4,8 | 0,732% | 92,25 | 2020 | [3] |
| 34 |  Uni Emirat Arab
|
4,28 | 0,70% | 470,7 | 2020 | [5] |
| 35 |  Irlandia
|
3,6 | 1,519% | 779,4 | 2020 | [5] |
| 36 |  Portugal
|
3,6 | 1,285% | 347,84 | 2020 | [3] |
| 37 |  Thailand
|
3,6 | 0,39% | 52,67 | 2020 | [6] |
| 38 |  Hungaria
|
3,4 | 1,371% | 343,01 | 2020 | [3] |
| 39 |  Ukraina
|
3 | 0,76% | 73,7 | 2020 | [6] |
| 40 |  Hong Kong
|
2,7 | 0,73% | 373,09 | 2020 | [6] |
| 41 |  Yunani
|
2,4 | 1,007% | 216,72 | 2020 | [3][7][10] |
| 42 |  Pakistan
|
2,4 | 0,29% | 13,29 | 2020 | [6] |
| 43 |  Indonesia
|
2,0 | 0,31% | 8,09 | 2020 | [6] |
| 44 |  Selandia Baru
|
1,8 | 1,172% | 400,99 | 2020 | [3] |
| 45 |  Arab Saudi
|
1,8 | 0,25% | 60,01 | 2020 | [11][12] |
| 46 |  Kolombia
|
1,6 | 0,24% | 31 | 2020 | [2][6][7] |
| 47 |  Chili
|
1,54 | 0,38% | 87,39 | 2020 | [2][3][7] |
| 48 |  Slovenia
|
1,5 | 2,386% | 712,63 | 2020 | [3] |
| 49 |  Maroko
|
1,5 | 0,73% | 47,59 | 2020 | [6] |
| 50 |  Rumania
|
1,5 | 0,383% | 75,62 | 2020 | [3] |
| 51 |  Slowakia
|
1,4 | 0,886% | 250,55 | 2020 | [3] |
| 52 |  Qatar
|
1,3 | 0,47% | 698,50 | 2020 | [6] |
| 53 |  Belarus
|
1,12 | 0,67% | 118,44 | 2020 | [6] |
| 54 |  Vietnam
|
0,87 | 0,21% | 9,91 | 2020 | [13] |
| 55 |  Kuwait
|
0,83 | 0,30% | 214,16 | 2020 | [6] |
| 56 |  Bulgaria
|
0,81 | 0,65% | 112,15 | 2020 | [14] |
| 57 |  Ekuador
|
0,8 | 0,44% | 49,90 | 2020 | [2][7] |
| 58 |  Etiopia
|
0,79 | 0,61% | 9,08 | 2020 | [6] |
| 59 |  Tunisia
|
0,78 | 0,68% | 72,83 | 2020 | [6] |
| 60 |  Lituania
|
0,76 | 0,88% | 245,36 | 2020 | [14] |
| 61 |  Luksemburg
|
0,7 | 1,256% | 1.252,7 | 2020 | [5] |
| 62 |  Kroasia
|
0,7 | 0,81% | 166,75 | 2020 | [14] |
| 63 |  Serbia
|
0,7 | 0,73% | 97,86 | 2020 | [14] |
| 64 |  Iran
|
0,7 | 0,12% | 9,08 | 2020 | [15] |
| 65 |  Kazakhstan
|
0,67 | 0,17% | 39,24 | 2020 | [6] |
| 66 |  Estonia
|
0,344 | 1,29% | 264,62 | 2020 | [16] |
| 67 |  Filipina
|
0,48 | 0,11% | 5,4 | 2020 | [6] |
| 68 |  Peru
|
0,4 | 0,12% | 12,94 | 2020 | [2][7][10] |
| 69 |  Azerbaijan
|
0,33 | 0,21% | 35,98 | 2020 | [6] |
| 70 |  Latvia
|
0,28 | 0,51% | 136,8 | 2020 | [14] |
| 71 |  Uganda
|
0,28 | 0,48% | 8,27 | 2020 | [6] |
| 72 |  Kosta Rika
|
0,28 | 0,47% | 61,55 | 2020 | [6] |
| 73 |  Islandia
|
0,27 | 1,891% | 831,2 | 2020 | [5] |
| 74 |  Mongolia
|
0,26 | 0,17% | 73,66 | 2020 | [6] |
| 75 |  Uruguay
|
0,24 | 0,34% | 69,88 | 2020 | [2][6][7] |
| 76 |  Sudan
|
0,18 | 0,23% | 4,74 | 2020 | [10] |
| 77 |  Aljazair
|
0,16 | 0,07% | 4,13 | 2020 | [10] |
| 78 |  Siprus
|
0,13 | 0,48% | 150,82 | 2020 | [14] |
| 79 |  Makedonia
|
0,12 | 0,44% | 55,99 | 2020 | [6] |
| 80 |  Bosnia dan Herzegovina
|
0,12 | 0,33% | 31,73 | 2020 | [6] |
| 81 |  Malta
|
0,11 | 0,85% | 270,78 | 2020 | [14] |
| 82 |  Bolivia
|
0,08 | 0,15% | 7,29 | 2020 | [2][7] |
| 83 |  Botswana
|
0,07 | 0,25% | 37,01 | 2020 | [6] |
| 84 |  Oman
|
0,07 | 0,23% | 25,40 | 2020 | [6] |
| 85 |  Makau
|
0,07 | 0,09% | 122,2 | 2020 | [5] |
| 86 |  Moldova
|
0,06 | 0,35% | 16,44 | 2020 | [6] |
| 87 |  Bahrain
|
0,06 | 0,100% | 45,2 | 2020 | [5] |
| 88 |  Paraguay
|
0,06 | 0,13% | 9,13 | 2020 | [2][7] |
| 89 |  Georgia
|
0,05 | 0,16% | 14,73 | 2020 | [6] |
| 90 |  Montenegro
|
0,03 | 0,38% | 55,75 | 2020 | [14] |
Referensi
- ^ "- Royal Society" (PDF). royalsociety.org.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "How Much Does Your Country Invest in R&D?". UNESCO.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Research and development (R&D) - Gross domestic spending on R&D - OECD Data". data.oecd.org. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-10.
- ^ "2016 GLOBAL R&D FUNDING FORECAST" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-01-30. Diakses tanggal 2019-02-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) | Data". data.worldbank.org (dalam bahasa American English). Diakses tanggal 2017-02-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". World Bank. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Science, technology and innovation". UNESCO.
- ^ Taiwan ranked 9th globally for R&D spending in 2015, The Central News Agency, 2017/07/19
- ^ "Australian Bureau of Statistics - GROSS EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)". www.abs.gov.au. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2015-10-28. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-10.
- ^ a b c d "UNESCO science report, 2010: the current status of science around the world; 2010" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2018-07-24.
- ^ "2012 Global R & D Funding Forecast: R & D Spending Growth Continues While Globalization Accelerates". 16 December 2011.
- ^ "Data" (PDF). www.natureasia.com.
- ^ vietnamnet.vn. "How much does Vietnam spend on R&D? - News VietNamNet". english.vietnamnet.vn. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2017-04-22. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "File:Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, 2003–13 (% of GDP) YB15.png - Statistics Explained". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "مصاحبه تفصیلی فارس با قائممقام معاون تحقیقات وزارت بهداشت/۱ رشد علمی کشور پارسال منفی شد/ تحقیقات پزشکی بدون بودجه درجا میزند". Farsnews.ir. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2018-07-24.
- ^ "TD052: Research and development expenditures and their financing from state and local budgets". Eesti Statistkaamet. Diakses tanggal 2018-11-13.
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