Michel de Montaigne

Michel de Montaigne
Michel de Montaigne
Lahir	Michel de Montaigne; 28 Februari 1533; Château de Montaigne, Guyenne, Prancis
Meninggal	13 September 1592 (umur 59); Château de Montaigne, Guyenne, Prancis
Almamater	College of Guienne; Collège Royal; University of Toulouse
Era	Filsafat Renaisans
Kawasan	Filsafat Barat
Aliran	Humanisme Renaisans Skeptisisme Renaisans
Gagasan penting	Esai,; Montaigne's wheel argument
	Dipengaruhi Horace, Heraclitus, Sextus Empiricus, Seneca, Plutarch, Cato;
	Memengaruhi William Shakespeare, René Descartes, Pierre Charron, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-François Lyotard, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Blaise Pascal, Gore Vidal, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Albert Hirschman, William Hazlitt, Eric Hoffer, Michel Onfray, José Saramago;
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Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (/mɒnˈteɪn/;^[3] bahasa Prancis: [miʃɛl ekɛm də mɔ̃tɛɲ]; 28 Februari 1533 – 13 September 1592) adalah salah satu filsuf yang paling signifikan dari Renaisans Prancis, yang dikenal untuk mempopulerkan esai sebagai genre sastra. Karyanya terkenal karena penggabungan anekdot kasual^[4] dan otobiografi dengan wawasan intelektual yang serius; volume besarnya Essais (diterjemahkan secara harfiah sebagai "Upaya" atau "Percobaan") berisi beberapa esai paling berpengaruh yang pernah ditulis. Montaigne memiliki pengaruh langsung pada penulis di seluruh dunia, termasuk Francis Bacon, René Descartes,^[5] Blaise Pascal, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Albert Hirschman, William Hazlitt,^[6] Ralph Waldo Emerson, Friedrich Nietzsche, Stefan Zweig, Eric Hoffer,^[7] Isaac Asimov, dan mungkin pada karya-karya akhir dari William Shakespeare.

Dalam masa hidupnya sendiri, Montaigne dikagumi lebih sebagai negarawan daripada sebagai seorang penulis. Kecenderungan di esainya untuk menyimpang ke anekdot dan perenungan pribadi dipandang merugikan terhadap gaya yang tepat bukan sebagai sebuah inovasi, dan deklarasi bahwa, "Saya sendiri adalah persoalan dari buku saya", dipandang oleh orang sezamannya sebagai memanjakan diri sendiri. Seiring waktu, bagaimanapun, Montaigne kemudian diakui sebagai mewujudkan, mungkin lebih baik daripada penulis lain dari zamannya, semangat keraguan yang menghibur secara bebas yang mulai muncul pada waktu itu. Ia paling dikenal untuk komentar skeptisnya, "Que sçay-je?" ( "Apa yang saya tahu?", dalam bahasa Prancis Tengah, sekarang diberikan sebagai Que sais-je? di bahasa Prancis modern). Hebatnya modern, bahkan untuk pembaca hari ini, upaya Montaigne untuk memeriksa dunia melalui lensa dari satu-satunya hal yang ia dapat bergantung secara implisit—keputusannya sendiri—membuatnya lebih mudah diakses oleh para pembaca modern daripada penulis lain dari zaman Renaisans. Banyak sastra non-fiksi modern telah menemukan inspirasi dari Montaigne dan penulis dari semua jenis terus membacanya untuk keseimbangannya dari pengetahuan intelektual dan cerita pribadi.

Referensi

^ Robert P. Amico, The Problem of the Criterion, Rowman & Littlefield, 1995, p. 42. Primary source: Montaigne, Essais, II, 12: "Pour juger des apparences que nous recevons des subjets, il nous faudroit un instrument judicatoire ; pour verifier cet instrument, il nous y faut de la demonstration ; pour verifier la demonstration, un instrument : nous voilà au rouet [To judge of the apparances that we receive of subjects, we had need have a judicatorie instrument: to verifie this instrument we should have demonstration; and to approve demonstration, an instrument; thus are we ever turning round]" (transl. by Charles Cotton).
^ FT.com "Small Talk: José Saramago". "Everything I’ve read has influenced me in some way. Having said that, Kafka, Borges, Gogol, Montaigne, Cervantes are constant companions."
^ "Montaigne". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^ His anecdotes are 'casual' only in appearance; Montaigne writes: 'Neither my anecdotes nor my quotations are always employed simply as examples, for authority, or for ornament...They often carry, off the subject under discussion, the seed of a richer and more daring matter, and they resonate obliquely with a more delicate tone,' Michel de Montaigne, Essais, Pléiade, Paris (ed. A. Thibaudet) 1937, Bk. 1, ch.40, p. 252 (tr. Charles Rosen)
^ Buckley, Michael J., At the Origins of Modern Atheism, Yale UP, 1990, p. 69.
^ Kinnaird, John, William Hazlitt: Critic of Power, Columbia University Press, 1978, p. 274.
^ from Truth Imagined, memoir by Eric Hoffer.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Album Montaigne. Iconographie choisie et annotée par Jean Lacouture. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. Éditions Gallimard, 2007. ISBN 978-2-07-011829-8.
Kuznicki, Jason (2008). "Montaigne, Michel (1533–1592)". Dalam Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. hlm. 339–41. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.

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Karya Michel de Montaigne di Project Gutenberg
Karya oleh/tentang Michel de Montaigne di Internet Archive (pencarian dioptimalkan untuk situs non-Beta)
Karya Michel de Montaigne di LibriVox (buku suara domain umum)
Facsimile and HTML versions of the 10 Volume Essays of Montaigne at the Online Library of Liberty
Essays by Montaigne at Quotidiana.org
Michel de Montaigne (1993). The Complete Essays / Transl. by M.A. Screech. London: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044604-3.
The Charles Cotton translation of some of Montaigne's Essays:
- plain text version by Project Gutenberg
- HTML version Diarsipkan 2008-07-06 di Wayback Machine. at the University of Adelaide
- searchable HTML version Diarsipkan 2005-06-24 di Wayback Machine. at Oregon State University
- Essays English audio by Librivox
The complete, searchable text of the Villey-Saulnier edition from the ARFTL project at the University of Chicago (Prancis)
Timeline and links Diarsipkan 2007-11-14 di Wayback Machine. at Oregon State University
The Montaigne Studies Journal at the University of Chicago
Michel de Montaigne, entry by Christopher Edelman in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(Inggris) Entri Montaigne di Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Background and digital facsimile of 1595 volume at the Gordon Collection of the University of Virginia
"Montaigne on Self-esteem" di YouTube, a documentary by Alain de Botton about Montaigne and his philosophy
Titi Lucretii Cari De rerum natura libri sex, published in Paris 1563, later owned and annotated by Montaigne, fully digitised in Cambridge Digital Library
MONTAIGNE “ON CRUELTY”: A CLOSE READING OF A CLASSIC ESSAY from EDSITEment

[1] Robert P. Amico, The Problem of the Criterion, Rowman & Littlefield, 1995, p. 42. Primary source: Montaigne, Essais, II, 12: "Pour juger des apparences que nous recevons des subjets, il nous faudroit un instrument judicatoire ; pour verifier cet instrument, il nous y faut de la demonstration ; pour verifier la demonstration, un instrument : nous voilà au rouet [To judge of the apparances that we receive of subjects, we had need have a judicatorie instrument: to verifie this instrument we should have demonstration; and to approve demonstration, an instrument; thus are we ever turning round]" (transl. by Charles Cotton).

[2] FT.com "Small Talk: José Saramago". "Everything I’ve read has influenced me in some way. Having said that, Kafka, Borges, Gogol, Montaigne, Cervantes are constant companions."

[3] "Montaigne". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.

[4] His anecdotes are 'casual' only in appearance; Montaigne writes: 'Neither my anecdotes nor my quotations are always employed simply as examples, for authority, or for ornament...They often carry, off the subject under discussion, the seed of a richer and more daring matter, and they resonate obliquely with a more delicate tone,' Michel de Montaigne, Essais, Pléiade, Paris (ed. A. Thibaudet) 1937, Bk. 1, ch.40, p. 252 (tr. Charles Rosen)

[5] Buckley, Michael J., At the Origins of Modern Atheism, Yale UP, 1990, p. 69.

[Kinnaird_p._274-6] Kinnaird, John, William Hazlitt: Critic of Power, Columbia University Press, 1978, p. 274.

[7] rom Truth Imagined, memoir by Eric Hoffer.

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Pengawasan otoritas
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Michel de Montaigne

Lahir	Michel de Montaigne 28 Februari 1533 Château de Montaigne, Guyenne, Prancis
Meninggal	13 September 1592(1592-09-13) (umur 59) Château de Montaigne, Guyenne, Prancis
Almamater	College of Guienne Collège Royal University of Toulouse

Era	Filsafat Renaisans
Kawasan	Filsafat Barat
Aliran	Humanisme Renaisans Skeptisisme Renaisans
Gagasan penting	Esai, Montaigne's wheel argument^[1]
Dipengaruhi Horace, Heraclitus, Sextus Empiricus, Seneca, Plutarch, Cato
Memengaruhi William Shakespeare, René Descartes, Pierre Charron, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-François Lyotard, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Blaise Pascal, Gore Vidal, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Albert Hirschman, William Hazlitt, Eric Hoffer, Michel Onfray, José Saramago^[2]

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