Pelapor Khusus Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa

Pelapor Khusus, Perwakilan Khusus Sekretaris Jenderal, dan Pakar Independen adalah gelar yang diberikan kepada orang-orang yang bekerja atas nama Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) dalam lingkup mekanisme "Prosedur Khusus". Orang-orang ini membawa mandat dari Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, baik itu mandat negara atau mandat bertema. "Rapporteur" merupakan kata berbahasa Prancis yang digunakan untuk menyebut seorang penyelidik yang tunduk di bawah lembaga berwenang.

Mandat PBB adalah "menyelidiki, mengawasi, menyarankan, dan melaporkan secara terbuka" permasalahan hak asasi manusia melalui "aktivitas yang dilakukan sesuai prosedur khusus, termasuk menanggapi keluhan perorangan, operasi dan manipulasi psikologis melalui media dan pendidikan yang terkontrol, melakukan penelitian, memberi saran mengenai kerja sama teknis di tingkat negara, dan terlibat dalam aktivitas promosi terbuka."^[1] Buku panduan Internal Advisory Procedure to Review Practices and Working Methods yang diterbitkan Coordination Committee of Special Procedures tanggal 25 Juni 2008 menyebut para pelapor ini "pemegang mandat". Mandat ini juga dilaksanakan oleh "Perwakilan Khusus Sekretaris Jenderal", "Pakar Independen", atau kelompok kerja yang beranggotakan lima orang (satu orang mewakili satu kawasan di dunia).

Pemegang mandat

Saat ini terdapat 37 Pelapor Khusus, Perwakilan Khusus, dan Pakar Independen yang mengemban tugas sesuai mandat negara dan mandat bertemanya masing-masing:

Mandat negara atau wilayah

Burundi - Fatsah Ouguergouz, Pakar Independen bidang hak asasi manusia (2010– )
Kamboja - Surya Prasad Subedi, Perwakilan Khusus Sekretaris Jenderal bidang hak asasi manusia (2009– )
Eritrea - Sheila B. Keetharuth, Pelapor Khusus bidang hak asasi manusia (2013- )
Haiti - Michel Forst, Perwakilan Khusus Sekretaris Jenderal bidang hak asasi manusia (2008–2013)
Myanmar - Lee Yanghee, Pelapor Khusus bidang hak asasi manusia (2014– )^[2]
Korea Utara - Marzuki Darusman, Pelapor Khusus bidang hak asasi manusia (2010– )
Wilayah Palestina - Makarim Wibisono, Pelapor Khusus bidang hak asasi manusia (2014–sekarang)^[3]
Somalia - Shamsul Bari, Pakar Independen bidang hak asasi manusia (2008– )
Sudan - Mohamed Chande Othman, Pelapor Khusus bidang hak asasi manusia (2005– )
Iran - Ahmed Shaheed, Pelapor Khusus bidang hak asasi manusia (2011- )^[4]^[5]

Mandat bertema

Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation - Catarina de Albuquerque (2008- )
Adequate Housing - Raquel Rolnik (2008– )
Contemporary Forms of Slavery Urmila Bhoola (2014– )
Cultural Rights Farida Shaheed (2009-)
Democratic and Equitable International Order - Alfred-Maurice de Zayas (2012-)^[6]
Education - Kishore Singh (2008– )
Effects of Economic Reform Policies and Foreign Debt on Human Rights - Cephas Lumina (2008– )
Environment - John Knox (2012- )^[7]
Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions - Christof Heyns (2008– )^[8]
Extreme Poverty and Human Rights - Philip Alston (2014 -)
Right to Food - Olivier De Schutter (2008– )
Freedoms of Peaceful Assembly and of Association - Maina Kiai (2011– )
Freedom of Opinion and Expression - David Kaye (2014– )
Freedom of Religion or Belief - Heiner Bielefeldt (2010– )
Human Rights Defenders - Michel Forst (2014-)
Illicit Movement of Toxic Waste - Calin Georgescu (2008– )
Independence of Judges and Lawyers - Gabriela Carina Knaul de Albuquerque e Silva (2008– )
Indigenous Peoples - Victoria Tauli-Corpuz (2014– )
Internally Displaced Persons - Chaloka Beyani (2010– )
International Solidarity - Rudi Muhammad Rizki (2005– )
Migrants - François Crépeau (2011– )
Minority Issues - Rita Izsak (2011– )
Physical and Mental Health - Anand Grover (2007– )
Promotion of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Guarantees of Non-Recurrence - Pablo de Greiff (2012- )
Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism - Martin Scheinin (2005–2011) Ben Emmerson (2011-)
Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance - Mutuma Ruteere (2011– )
Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography - Najat M’jid Maala (2008– )
Torture - Juan E. Méndez (2008– )
Trafficking in Persons - Maria Grazia Giammarinaro (2014– )
Violence against Women - Rashida Manjoo (2009– )
Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises - John Ruggie (2005– )

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ [1]
^ "Govt Disagrees With UN Rights Envoy's Burma Concerns". [Irrawaddy Magazine]. 2014-07-29. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2014-08-27. Diakses tanggal 2014-09-10. {{cite web}}: ( ); ( )
^ "Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967". United Nations. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-15. {{cite web}}: ( )
^ "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2015-05-29. Diakses tanggal 2015-05-29. {{cite web}}: ( )
^ http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=242731
^ Human Rights Council concludes nineteenth session, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
^ United Nations Mandate on Human Rights and the Environment
^ ohchr.org: "Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions", consulted July 2014

Pranala luar

[2]
Official Website
BBC News Special on Special Rapporteurs
Human Rights Special Procedures: Determinants of Influence Universal Rights Group 2014
History of the United Nations Special Procedures Mechanism: Origins, Evolution and Reform Universal Rights Group 2014

[1] [1]

[2] "Govt Disagrees With UN Rights Envoy's Burma Concerns". [Irrawaddy Magazine]. 2014-07-29. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2014-08-27. Diakses tanggal 2014-09-10. {{cite web}}: ( ); ( )

[UN_Falkappointed-3] "Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967". United Nations. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-15. {{cite web}}: ( )

[4] "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2015-05-29. Diakses tanggal 2015-05-29. {{cite web}}: ( )

[5] ttp://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=242731

[6] Human Rights Council concludes nineteenth session, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

[7] United Nations Mandate on Human Rights and the Environment

[8] r.org: "Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions", consulted July 2014

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

l b s Pelapor Khusus Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
Negara dan wilayah	Burundi (Fatsah Ouguergouz) Kamboja (Surya Prasad Subedi) Haiti (Michel Forst) Myanmar (Tomas Ojea Quintana) Korea Utara (Marzuki Darusman) Palestina (Makarim Wibisono) Somalia (Shamsul Bari) Sudan (Mohamed Chande Othman) Iran (Ahmed Shaheed)
Mandat	Adequate Housing (Raquel Rolnik) Contemporary Forms of Slavery (Gulnara Shahinian) Cultural Rights (Farida Shaheed) Democratic and Equitable International Order (Alfred-Maurice de Zayas) Education (Kishore Singh) Effects of Economic Reform Policies and Foreign Debt on Human Rights (Cephas Lumina) Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions (Christof Heyns) Right to Food (Olivier De Schutter) Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association (Maina Kiai) Freedom of Opinion and Expression (David Kaye) Freedom of Religion or Belief (Heiner Bielefeldt) Human Rights Defenders (Margaret Sekaggya) Independence of Judges and Lawyers (Gabriela Carina Knaul de Albuquerque e Silva) Minority Issues (Rita Izsak) Physical and Mental Health (Anand Grover) Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism (Ben Emmerson) Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (Githu Muigai) Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (Najat M’jid Maala) Torture (Juan E. Méndez) Trafficking in Persons (Joy Ngozi Ezeilo) Violence against Women (Rashida Manjoo) Human Rights and Access to Safe Drinking water and Sanitation (Catarina de Albuquerque) Human Rights and International Solidarity (Rudi Muhammad Rizki) Human Rights and the Illicit Movement of Toxic Waste (Calin Georgescu) Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises (John Ruggie) Human Rights of Indigenous People (James Anaya) Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons (Chaloka Beyani) Human Rights of Migrants (François Crépeau) Human Rights and the Environment
Pelapor Khusus Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa diberi mandat oleh Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan dapat memegang gelar Pelapor Khusus, Pakar Independen, atau Perwakilan Khusus Sekretaris Jenderal, dan bisa juga disebut pemegang mandat