Pembicaraan:Kedatuan Luwu

Revisi Simpurusia disasarkan:

Bulbeck, D. and I. Caldwell (2000). Land of iron : the historical archaeology of Luwu and the Cenrana valley : results of the Origin of Complex Society in South Sulawesi Project (OXIS). [Hull], Centre for South-East Asian Studies, University of Hull.

https://www.oxis.org/resources-3/pre-islamic-chronologies/luwu.pdf

Caldwell, I. (1988). South Sulawesi A.D. 1300-1600 : ten Bugis texts, Australian National University: xv, 220 p.

Caldwell, I. (1999). The chronology of the King List of Luwuq to A.D.1611. Living through histories; Culture, history and social life in South Sulawesi. K. a. M. Robinson. Canberra, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.

Sorry, but Luwu is not the oldest Bugis polity. Cina (a group of polities in the central lakes area) started about 1200 CE. "Kingdom" is not the right word for this early level of social and political development. Soppeng ri Aja's origins are equally old (Kallupa et al 1999).

There are good C13 radiocarbon dates and pleantiful C13 ceramics from Cina's palace centre at Sarapao in Wajo. The radiocarbon dates from Malangke are C14, as are the ceramics: nothing earlier (Bulbeck and Caldwell 2000). The authors (representing the views of 40 researchers) concluded that the settlement at Malangke was founded around 1300. See also David Bulbeck, Ian Caldwell, Stephen Druce, Budianto Hakim and Campbell Macknight. 2018. Imported tradeware ceramics and their relevance for dating socio-political developments in South Sulawesi, with special reference to the Allangkanangnge ri Latanete site. Terra Australis 18: 269-86, and Budianto Hakim, Stuart Hawkins, David Bulbeck, Ian Caldwell, Stephen Druce and Campbell Macknight. Material culture at Allangkanangnge ri Latanete in relation to the origins of Bugis kingdoms. Terra Australis 18: 287-312. Complex society starts more or less everywhere in South Sulawesi in the 13th century and no kingdom can said to be older than another, in that all roots go back to the 13th/14th centuries. If one is going to use the word kingdom to describe this process, then Cina is the oldest kingdom and the central lakes area is the Bugis heartland: Crawfurd (1856) points this out: he is right and Braam Morris is wrong.

Luwu was a powerful and much feared kingdom in the late fifteenth / early sixteenth century, because it could command the surrounding hill tribes and the bajo as transport. Its prestige seems to stem from the fact that its rulers were a branch of the ruling family (or families) of Cina (Caldwell and Wellen 2017). Cina seems to have been absorbed in the 16th century by Wajo, Soppeng and Bone and its ruling elite replaced by those of these upstart wanua. The ruling family of Luwu is the last living link with the 'kingdom' called Cina, recalled in the La Galigo.

Very little sense can be made of Luwu's traditions of kingship, which were only written down in the 19th and 20th century. They are a jumble of half-remembered traditions. Some of 'Luwus rulers are identified elsewhere with Tompotikka in Sulteng and with Lemolang-speaking Baebunta. One of Luwu's rulers seems to have been a Wajo aristocrat! In short they are just names found in independent and contradictory sources and none can be identified as Luwu's actual rulers. Dewaraja is the first and indisputably real ruler of Luwu and he is early sixteenth century. It's disappointing, but there simply is no record of anything much earlier than c.1520, and that in the Chronicles of Bone and Wajo.

Sorry to write this in English! I am glad to see that much of the OXIS research has been incorporated in the article. – komentar tanpa tanda tangan oleh Simpurusia (b • k) pada 08.49‎, 10 Desember 2019.

@Simpurusia: Hi, thanks for bringing this up here. Next time, if you want to put down the sources, it may be easier to use wikitext editor ("edit source") and simply use this format: <ref>[source]</ref>. For example, putting <ref>Bulbeck, D. and I. Caldwell (2000). Land of iron : the historical archaeology of Luwu and the Cenrana valley : results of the Origin of Complex Society in South Sulawesi Project (OXIS). [Hull], Centre for South-East Asian Studies, University of Hull.</ref> would result in a footnote like this:^[1]

Of course there are many other ways; looking up en:Help:Referencing for beginners may be useful. Thanks for your contributions! Masjawad99^💬 12 Desember 2019 23.43 (UTC)Balas