X Club
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X Club adalah sebuah klub makan malam yang terdiri dari sembilan orang yang mendukung teori-teori seleksi alam dan liberalisme akademik di Inggris pada akhir abad ke-19. Thomas Henry Huxley adalah inisiatornya. Ia menyerukan pertemuan pertama pada 3 November 1864.[1] Klub tersebut bertemu di London sekali sebulan—kecuali pada Juli, Agustus dan September—dari November 1864 sampai Maret 1893, dan para anggotanya diyakini banyak mempengaruhi pemikiran saintifik. Para anggota dari klub tersebut adalah George Busk, Edward Frankland, Thomas Archer Hirst, Joseph Dalton Hooker, Thomas Henry Huxley, John Lubbock, Herbert Spencer, William Spottiswoode, dan John Tyndall, yang disatukan lewat "pencurahan kepada sains, murni dan bebas, tak terhalang oleh dogma-dogma agama."[2]
Referensi
- Barton, Ruth (September 1998), ""Huxley, Lubbock, and Half a Dozen Others": Professionals and Gentlemen in the Formation of the X Club, 1851–1864", Isis, 89 (3), Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 410–444, doi:10.1086/384072, JSTOR 237141, OCLC 83940246
- Barton, Ruth (March 1990), "'An Influential Set of Chaps': The X-Club and Royal Society Politics 1864–85", The British Journal for the History of Science, 23 (1), Cambridge: Cambridge University: 53–81, doi:10.1017/S0007087400044459, JSTOR 4026802.
- Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James (1994), Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist, London: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-31150-1, OCLC 30748962.
- Desmond, James D. (2001), "Redefining the X Axis: "Professionals," "Amateurs" and the Making of Mid-Victorian Biology – A Progress Report", Journal of the History of Biology, 34 (1), Springer Netherlands: 3–50, doi:10.1023/A:1010346828270, OCLC 207888686, PMID 14513845.
- Hall, Marie Boas (March 1984), "The Royal Society in Thomas Henry Huxley's Time", Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 38 (2), London: Royal Society: 153–158, doi:10.1098/rsnr.1984.0010, JSTOR 531815, OCLC 115985513, PMID 11615965.
- Jensen, J. Vernon (June 1970), "The X Club: Fraternity of Victorian Scientists", The British Journal for the History of Science, 5 (1), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 63–72, doi:10.1017/S0007087400010621, JSTOR 4025353, OCLC 104253815, PMID 11609564.
- MacLeod, Roy M. (April 1970), "The X-Club a Social Network of Science in Late-Victorian England", Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 24 (2), London: Royal Society: 305–322, doi:10.1098/rsnr.1970.0022, JSTOR 531297, OCLC 104254595, PMID 11609784.
- Teller, James D. (February 1943), "Huxley's "Evil" Influence", Scientific Monthly, 56 (2), Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 173–178, Bibcode:1943SciMo..56..173T, JSTOR 17790.
Catatan
- ^ Desmond A. 1994. Huxley: the Devil's disciple. Joseph, London. p327 et seq.
- ^ "Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 4807 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., (7–8 Apr 1865)". Diakses tanggal 1 December 2008.
Bacaan tambahan
- Gondermann, Thomas (2007), Evolution und Rasse. Theoretischer und institutioneller Wandel in der viktorianischen Anthropologie, Bielefeld: transkript, diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2012-04-26, diakses tanggal 2021-01-10 .
- Patton, Mark (2007), Science, Politics and Business in the Work of Sir John Lubbock: A Man of Universal Mind, London: Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7546-5321-9, OCLC 72868508.