Jund Hims
Jund Ḥimṣ (bahasa Arab: جُـنْـد حِـمْـص, "distrik militer Homs," atau Legiun Emessa)[1] adalah salah satu dari empat distrik militer dari provinsi Kekhalifahan Suriah.[2] Ibu kotanya adalah Homs, dimana distrik tersebut meraih namanya. Pusat-pusat perkotaan utamanya adalah Latakia, Tadmur, Jableh, Kafr Tab, Tarsus, Salamiyah, Bulunyas dan Benteng Khawabi.[3]
Gubernur
Periode Rasyidin (638–661)
- Iyadh bin Ghanam al-Fihri (639–641)[4]
- Sa'id bin Amir bin Hidzyam al-Jumahi (641–642)[4][5]
- Umair bin Sa'ad al-Anshari (642–646)[4]
- Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan (646–661)[6]
- Abdurrahman bin Khalid bin Walid (setidaknya 653/654[7]–666)
Periode Umayyah (661–750)
- An-Nu'man bin Basyir al-Anshari (666[8]–678;[9] menjabat di bawah Muawiyah)
- Malik bin Hubairah as-Sakuni (periode yang tidak ditentukan dari tahun 661–680; menjabat di bawah Muawiyah)[10]
- Al-Hushain bin Numair as-Sakuni (680–683;[10] menjabat di bawah Khalifah Yazid bin Muawiyah)
- An-Nu'man bin Basyir al-Anshari (684–684;[11] menjabat di bawah Khalifah Abdullah bin az-Zubair yang berada di Makkah[10])
- Khalid bin Yazid (684–685;[12] putra Khalifah Yazid, menjabat di bawah kerabat Umayyahnya Khalifah Marwan bin al-Hakam[10])
- Aban bin al-Walid bin Uqbah (684–685;[12] tampaknya menjabat sebagai wakil Khalid)[10]
- Aban bin al-Walid bin Uqbah (685–691;[10] menjabat di bawah kerabat jauhnya Khalifah Umayyah Abdul Malik bin Marwan)[13]
- Abdullah bin Abdul Malik (ca 703–704)[12]
- Al-Abbas bin al-Walid bin Abdul Malik (705–715)[14]
- Yazid bin al-Hushain as-Sakuni (717–720)[15]
- Abdul Malik bin al-Qa'qa' bin Khulaid al-Absi (periode yang tidak ditentukan dari tahun 724–743)[16]
- Marwan bin Abdullah bin Abdul Malik dan/atau Utsman bin al-Walid bin Yazid (743–744)[17]
- Muawiyah bin Yazid as-Sakuni (744–745)[18][19]
- Abdullah bin Syajarah al-Kindi (745)[19]
- Sa'id bin Hisyam bin Abdul Malik (745; gubernur pemberontak untuk Sulaiman bin Hisyam)[20]
Periode Abbasiyah
Kekuasaan Abbasiyah di Suriah dimulai dari tahun 750 dan mulai menurun setelah tahun 861. Kekuasaan Abbasiyah di Suriah selesai berakhir pada pertengahan abad ke-10.
- Abdullah bin Ali (750–753)[21]
- Shalih bin Ali bin Abdullah bin Abbas (756–757)[22]
- Abdul Malik bin Shalih (793–795)
- Ishaq bin Sulaiman bin Ali bin Abdullah bin Abbas (809)[23]
- Abdullah bin Sa'id al-Harasyi (809–810)[23]
- Al-Mu'ayyad (854–855)[24]
- Shalih al-Abbasi al-Turki (855–856)[25]
Referensi
- ^ Politics in Islam: Von Kremer's Staatsidee des Islams (4th edition). Lahore, Pakistan. 1961. hlm. 124. OCLC 10521479. Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit (link)
- ^ Sylloge of Islamic Coins in the Ashmolean: The Pre-Reform Coinage of the Early Islamic Period. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, England. 2001. hlm. 84–85. ISBN 1-85444-173-6. Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit (link)
- ^ Al-Muqaddasi quoted by Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. hlm. 25–39. OCLC 1004386.
- ^ a b c Humphreys 1990, hlm. 72.
- ^ Ritter 2013, hlm. 805.
- ^ Humphreys 1990, hlm. 74.
- ^ Humphreys 1990, hlm. 119.
- ^ Crone 1980, hlm. 226, catatan 234.
- ^ Wellhausen 1927, hlm. 130.
- ^ a b c d e f Gundelfinger & Verkinderen 2020, hlm. 97.
- ^ Hawting 1989, hlm. 56.
- ^ a b c Crone 1980, hlm. 124.
- ^ Dixon 1969, hlm. 173.
- ^ Crone 1980, hlm. 125.
- ^ Crone 1980, hlm. 127.
- ^ Hillenbrand 1989, hlm. 136.
- ^ Crone 1980, hlm. 129.
- ^ Crone 1980, hlm. 97.
- ^ a b Williams 1985, hlm. 3.
- ^ Williams 1985, hlm. 23.
- ^ Williams 1985, hlm. 198, 204, 208.
- ^ McAuliffe 1995, hlm. 75.
- ^ a b Fishbein 1992, hlm. 21.
- ^ Kraemer 1989, hlm. 96–97.
- ^ Kraemer 1989, hlm. 133–134.
Sumber
- Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7.
- Crone, Patricia (1980). Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52940-9. ;
- Crone, Patricia (1994). "Were the Qays and Yemen of the Umayyad Period Political Parties?" (PDF). Der Islam. 71: 1–57. doi:10.1515/islm.1994.71.1.1. S2CID 154370527.
- Dixon, 'Abd al-Ameer 'Abd (August 1969). The Umayyad Caliphate 65–86/684–705: A Political Study (Thesis). University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies.
- Fishbein, Michael, ed. (1992). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXI: The War Between Brothers: The Caliphate of Muḥammad al-Amīn, A.D. 809–813/A.H. 193–198. Seri SUNY dalam Studi Timur Dekat. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1085-1.
- Gundelfinger, Simon; Verkinderen, Peter (2020). "The Governors of al-Sham and Fars in the Early Islamic Empire - A Comparative Regional Perspective". Dalam Hagemann, Hannah-Lena; Heidemann, Stefan (ed.). Elites — Connecting the Early Islamic Empire. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 255–330. ISBN 978-3-11-066648-9.
- Hawting, G.R., ed. (1989). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XX: The Collapse of Sufyānid Authority and the Coming of the Marwānids: The Caliphates of Muʿāwiyah II and Marwān I and the Beginning of the Caliphate of ʿAbd al-Malik, A.D. 683–685/A.H. 64–66. Seri SUNY dalam Studi Timur Dekat. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-855-3.
- Humphreys, R. Stephen, ed. (1990). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XV: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate: The Reign of ʿUthmān, A.D. 644–656/A.H. 24–35. Seri SUNY dalam Studi Timur Dekat. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0154-5.
- Hillenbrand, Carole, ed. (1989). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXVI: The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate: Prelude to Revolution, A.D. 738–744/A.H. 121–126. Seri SUNY dalam Studi Timur Dekat. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-810-2.
- Hinds, M. (1993). "Muʿāwiya I b. Abī Sufyān". Dalam Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume VII: Mif–Naz (Edisi 2). Leiden: E. J. Brill. hlm. 263–268. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
- Kennedy, Hugh (2001). The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25093-5.
- Kraemer, Joel L., ed. (1989). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIV: Incipient Decline: The Caliphates of al-Wāthiq, al-Mutawakkil and al-Muntaṣir, A.D. 841–863/A.H. 227–248. Seri SUNY dalam Studi Timur Dekat. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-874-4.
- le Strange, Guy (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. OCLC 1004386.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1986). "Apocalyptic Prophecies in Hims in the Umayyad Age". Journal of Semitic Studies. 31 (2): 141–185. doi:10.1093/jss/XXXI.2.141.
- McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. (1995). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXVIII: The ʿAbbāsid Authority Affirmed: The Early Years of al-Mansūr, A.D. 753–763/A.H. 136–145. Seri SUNY dalam Studi Timur Dekat. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1895-6.
- Ritter, Hellmut (2013). The Ocean of the Soul: Men, the World and God in the Stories of Farīd al-Dīn Aṭṭar. Diterjemahkan oleh John O'Kane. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12068-6.
- Wellhausen, Julius (1927). The Arab Kingdom and its Fall. Diterjemahkan oleh Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. OCLC 752790641. ;
- Williams, John Alden, ed. (1985). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXVII: The ʿAbbāsid Revolution, A.D. 743–750/A.H. 126–132. Seri SUNY dalam Studi Timur Dekat. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-884-4.