Mata uang cadangan
Mata uang cadangan (atau mata uang jangkar) adalah mata uang yang dipegang dalam jumlah besar oleh pemerintah atau lembaga sebagai bagian dari cadangan devisanya. Mata uang cadangan sering digunakan dalam transaksi internasional dan dianggap mata uang keras atau mata uang penjamin. Orang-orang yang tinggal di negara penerbit mata uang cadangan dapat membeli barang impor dan meminjam lintas perbatasan dengan harga lebih murah daripada negara lain karena mereka tidak perlu menukarkan mata uangnya.
Pada akhir abad ke-20, dolar Amerika Serikat diakui sebagai mata uang cadangan terkuat di dunia.[1] Permintaan dolar memungkinkan pemerintah dan rakyat Amerika Serikat meminjam dengan nilai yang lebih rendah dan menguntungkan mereka sebesar $100 miliar setiap tahunnya.[2] Namun demikian, seiring meningkatnya nilai mata uang, status dolar A.S. sebagai mata uang cadangan mengancam para eksportir Amerika Serikat.[3]
Cadangan devisa dunia
| 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | Data Terkini Kuartal III 2015 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dolar A.S. | 59.0% | 62.1% | 65.2% | 69.3% | 71.0% | 70.5% | 70.7% | 66.5% | 65.8% | 66.0% | 66.4% | 65.7% | 64.1% | 64.1% | 62.1% | 61.8% | 62.3% | 61.1% | 61.0% | 63.1% | 64.0% |
| Euro | 17.9% | 18.8% | 19.8% | 24.2% | 25.3% | 24.9% | 24.3% | 25.2% | 26.3% | 26.4% | 27.6% | 26.0% | 24.7% | 24.3% | 24.4% | 22.1% | 20.3% | ||||
| Mark Jerman | 15.8% | 14.7% | 14.5% | 13.8% | |||||||||||||||||
| Franc Prancis | 2.4% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.6% | |||||||||||||||||
| Pound sterling | 2.1% | 2.7% | 2.6% | 2.7% | 2.9% | 2.8% | 2.7% | 2.9% | 2.6% | 3.2% | 3.6% | 4.2% | 4.7% | 4.0% | 4.3% | 3.9% | 3.8% | 4.0% | 4.0% | 3.8% | 4.7% |
| Yen Jepang | 6.8% | 6.7% | 5.8% | 6.2% | 6.4% | 6.3% | 5.2% | 4.5% | 4.1% | 3.8% | 3.7% | 3.2% | 2.9% | 3.1% | 2.9% | 3.7% | 3.6% | 4.1% | 3.8% | 3.9% | 3.8% |
| Dolar Kanada | 1.5% | 1.8% | 1.9% | 1.9% | |||||||||||||||||
| Dolar Australia | 1.5% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.8% | |||||||||||||||||
| Franc Swiss | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% |
| Lainnya | 13.6% | 11.7% | 10.2% | 6.1% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 2.2% | 3.1% | 4.4% | 5.4% | 3.3% | 2.9% | 3.2% | 3.2% |
| Sources:[4][5][6] | |||||||||||||||||||||
Komposisi mata uang devisa resmi sejak 1995.[7][8][9]
Lihat pula
- Mata uang komoditas
- Hak berlebihan
- Mata uang mengambang
- Cadangan devisa
- Mata uang fiat
- Mata uang keras
- Krugerrand
- Seigniorage
- Hak penarikan khusus
- Dilema Triffin
- Mata uang dunia
Referensi
- ^ "The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere", The Federal Reserve System: Purposes & Functions, a publication of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 9th Edition, June 2005
- ^ Rogoff, Kenneth (October 2013). "America's Endless Budget Battle". Project Syndicate.
- ^ "Go with the flows: The rise and fall of the dollar", The Economist, 22 January 2011
- ^ Review of the International Role of the Euro (PDF), Frankfurt am Main: European Central Bank, December 2005, ISSN 1725-2210; ISSN 1725-6593 (online).
- ^ For 1995–99, 2006–15: "Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER)". Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. January 3, 2013.
- ^ For 1999–2005: International Relations Committee Task Force on Accumulation of Foreign Reserves (February 2006), The Accumulation of Foreign Reserves (PDF), Occasional Paper Series, Nr. 43, Frankfurt am Main: European Central Bank, ISSN 1607-1484; ISSN 1725-6534 (online).
- ^ Review of the International Role of the Euro (PDF), Frankfurt am Main: European Central Bank, December 2005, ISSN 1725-2210ISSN 1725-6593 (online).
- ^ For 1995–99, 2006–12: "Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER)" (PDF). Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. January 3, 2013.
- ^ For 1999–2005: International Relations Committee Task Force on Accumulation of Foreign Reserves (February 2006), The Accumulation of Foreign Reserves (PDF), Occasional Paper Series, Nr. 43, Frankfurt am Main: European Central Bank, ISSN 1607-1484ISSN 1725-6534 (online).
Bacaan lanjutan
- Prasad, Eswar S. (2014). The Dollar Trap: How the U.S. Dollar Tightened Its Grip on Global Finance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16112-9.