Kepanikan 1893
(Dialihkan dari Panik 1893)
Kepanikan 1893 adalah sebuah depresi ekonomi serius di Amerika Serikat yang dimulai pada 1893 dan berakhir pada 1897.[1] Peristiwa tersebut sangat berdampak pada setiap sektor ekonomi, dan menghasilkan kebangkitan politik yang berujung pada pemilihan tahun 1896 dan kepresidenan William McKinley.
Perkiraan tingkat pengangguran per 100 orang pada 1890-an (Sumber: Romer, 1986)
| Tahun | Lebergott | Romer |
|---|---|---|
| 1890 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| 1891 | 5.4 | 4.8 |
| 1892 | 3.0 | 3.7 |
| 1893 | 11.7 | 8.1 |
| 1894 | 18.4 | 12.3 |
| 1895 | 13.7 | 11.1 |
| 1896 | 14.5 | 12.0 |
| 1897 | 14.5 | 12.4 |
| 1898 | 12.4 | 11.6 |
| 1899 | 6.5 | 8.7 |
| 1900 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
Referensi
- ^ Timberlake, Jr., Richard H. (1997). "Panic of 1893". Dalam Glasner, David; Cooley, Thomas F. (ed.). Business Cycles and Depressions: an Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. hlm. 516–18. ISBN 0-8240-0944-4. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
Bacaan tambahan
Sumber kontemporer
- American Annual Cyclopedia...1894 (1895) online
- Baum, Lyman Frank and W. W. Denslow. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900); see Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
- Brice, Lloyd Stephens, and James J. Wait. “The Railway Problem.” North American Review 164 (March 1897): 327–48. online at MOA Cornell.
- Cleveland, Frederick A. "The Final Report of the Monetary Commission," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 13 (January 1899): 31–56 in JSTOR
- Closson, Carlos C. Jr. "The Unemployed in American Cities." Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 8, no. 2 (January 1894) 168–217 in JSTOR); vol. 8, no. 4 (July 1894): 443–477 in JSTOR
- Fisher, Willard. "‘Coin’ and His Critics." Quarterly Journal of Economics 10 (January 1896): 187–208 in JSTOR
- Harvey, William H. Coin’s Financial School (1894), 1963 (Introduction by Richard Hofstadter). online first edition
- Noyes, Alexander Dana. "The Banks and the Panic," Political Science Quarterly 9 (March 1894): 12–28 in JSTOR.
- Shaw, Albert. "Relief for the Unemployed in American Cities," Review of Reviews 9 (January and February 1894): 29–37, 179–91.
- Stevens, Albert Clark. "An Analysis of the Phenomena of the Panic in the United States in 1893," Quarterly Journal of Economics 8 (January 1894): 117–48 in JSTOR.
Sumber sekunder
- Barnes, James A. John G. Carlisle: Financial Statesman (1931).
- Barnes, James A. (1947). "Myths of the Bryan Campaign". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 34 (3). The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 34, No. 3: 383–394. doi:10.2307/1898096. JSTOR 1898096.
- Bent, Peter H. (2015), "The Stabilising Effects of the Dingley Tariff and the Recovery from the 1890s Depression in the United States", Crises in Economic and Social History: A Comparative Perspective, hlm. 373-390. [1]
- Bent, Peter H. (2015). "The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Protectionism in Turn of the Century America". Economic Thought. 4 (2): 68–79. [2].
- Destler, Chester McArthur. American Radicalism, 1865–1901 (1966).
- Dewey, Davis Rich. Financial History of the United States (1903). online.
- Dighe, Ranjit S. ed. The Historian's Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baum's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory (2002).
- Dorfman, Joseph Harry. The Economic Mind in American Civilization. (1949). vol 3.
- Faulkner, Harold Underwood. Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890–1900. (1959).
- Feder, Leah Hanna. Unemployment Relief in Periods of Depression ... 1857–1920 (1926).
- Friedman, Milton, and Anna Jacobson Schwartz. A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (1963).
- Harpine, William D. From the Front Porch to the Front Page: McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign (2006) excerpt and text search
- Hoffmann, Charles (1956). "The Depression of the Nineties". Journal of Economic History. 16 (2): 137–164. JSTOR 2114113.
- Hoffmann, Charles. The Depression of the Nineties: An Economic History (1970).
- Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: 1888–1896 (1971).
- Josephson, Matthew. The Robber Barons New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (1990).
- Kirkland, Edward Chase. Industry Comes of Age, 1860–1897 (1961).
- Lauck, William Jett. The Causes of the Panic of 1893 (1907). online
- Lindsey, Almont. The Pullman Strike 1942.
- Littlefield, Henry M. (1964). "The Wizard of Oz: Parable on Populism". American Quarterly. 16 (1). American Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 1: 47–58. doi:10.2307/2710826. JSTOR 2710826.
- Nevins, Allan. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage. 1932, Pulitzer Prize.
- Rezneck, Samuel S. (1953). "Unemployment, Unrest, and Relief in the United States during the Depression of 1893–97". Journal of Political Economy. 61 (4). The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 61, No. 4: 324–345. doi:10.1086/257393. JSTOR 1826883.
- Ritter, Gretchen. Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Anti-Monopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America (1997)
- Ritter, Gretchen (1997). "Silver slippers and a golden cap: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics". Journal of American Studies. 31 (2): 171–203. doi:10.1017/S0021875897005628.
- Rockoff, Hugh (1990). "The 'Wizard of Oz' as a Monetary Allegory". Journal of Political Economy. 98 (4). The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98, No. 4: 739–760. doi:10.1086/261704. JSTOR 2937766.
- Romer, Christina (1986). "Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data". Journal of Political Economy. 94 (1): 1–37. doi:10.1086/261361.
- Schwantes, Carlos A. Coxey’s Army: An American Odyssey (1985).
- Shannon, Fred Albert. The Farmer’s Last Frontier: Agriculture, 1860–1897 (1945).
- Steeples, Douglas, and David O. Whitten. Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893 (1998).
- Strouse, Jean. Morgan: American Financier (1999).
- White; Gerald T. The United States and the Problem of Recovery after 1893 (1982).
- Whitten, David. EH.NET article on the Depression of 1893
- Wicker, Elmus. Banking panics of the gilded age (Cambridge University Press, 2006) contents Diarsipkan 2014-03-23 di Wayback Machine.
Pranala luar
- Causes of the Business Depression Diarsipkan 2010-12-14 di Wayback Machine. by Henry George; appeared in Once a Week, a New York periodical, March 6, 1894
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